What do you advice for shell usage?
- Do you use bash? If not, which one do you use? zsh, fish? Why do you do it?
- Do you write
#!/bin/bashor#!/bin/sh? Do you write fish exclusive scripts? - Do you have two folders, one for proven commands and one for experimental?
- Do you publish/ share those commands?
- Do you sync the folder between your server and your workstation?
- What should've people told you what to do/ use?
- good practice?
- general advice?
- is it bad practice to create a handful of commands like
podupandpoddownthat replacepodman compose up -dandpodman compose downorpodlogaspodman logs -f --tail 20 $1orpodenterforpodman exec -it "$1" /bin/sh?
Background
I started bookmarking every somewhat useful website. Whenever I search for something for a second time, it'll popup as the first search result. I often search for the same linux commands as well. When I moved to atomic Fedora, I had to search for rpm-ostree (POV: it was a horrible command for me, as a new user, to remember) or sudo ostree admin pin 0. Usually, I bookmark the website and can get back to it. One day, I started putting everything into a .bashrc file. Sooner rather than later I discovered that I could simply add ~/bin to my $PATH variable and put many useful scripts or commands into it.
For the most part I simply used bash. I knew that you could somehow extend it but I never did. Recently, I switched to fish because it has tab completion. It is awesome and I should've had completion years ago. This is a game changer for me.
I hated that bash would write the whole path and I was annoyed by it. I added PS1="$ " to my ~/.bashrc file. When I need to know the path, I simply type pwd. Recently, I found starship which has themes and adds another line just for the path. It colorizes the output and highlights whenever I'm in a toolbox/distrobox. It is awesome.
I use bash for scripts almost exclusively even though i use zsh interactively (startup scripts for zsh are an obvious exception).
The vast majority of my scripts start with
which makes the script exit if a command (that is not in a few special places like an if) exits with an error status code and also complains about unbound variables when you use them.
Use
and
to test your script for errors and problems if you try it.
Always use curly braces for variables to avoid issues with strings after the variable name being interpreted as part of the variable name.
Always use 10# before numbers in $(()) expressions to avoid leading zeroes turning your decimal number variables into octal ones.
Always use
instead of
to avoid creating a subshell where some changes you make will not affect your script outside the loop.
In
loops always make sure you redirect all stdin from /dev/null or otherwise close it with suitable parameters or the content of your loop will eat some of the lines you meant for the read. Alternatively fill a bash array in the loop and then use a for loop to call your commands and do more complex logic.
When using temporary directories or similar resources use
handlers to clean up after the script in case it dies or is killed (by SIGTERM or SIGINT,...; obviously not SIGKILL).
When writing scripts for cronjobs take into account that the environment (PATH In particular) might be more limited. Also take into account that stderr output and non-zero exit status can lead to an email about the cronjob.
Use pushd and popd instead of cd (especially cd ..), redirect their output to /dev/null. This will prevent your scripts from accidentally running later parts of the script in a wrong directory.
There are probably many other things to consider but that is just standard stuff off the top of my head.
If you do need any sort of data structure and in particular arrays of data structures use a proper programming language. I would recommend Rust since a compiled language is much easier to run on a variety of systems than the Python so many others here recommend, especially if you need to support the oldest supported version of an OS and the newest one at the same time.
Great list! I would add "always surround variables with quotes in case the value contains spaces".
Good point, forgot one of the basics.
Also, to make your scripts more readable and less error prone use something like
at the start of your script to name your parameters and provide usage information if the parameters did not match what you expected. The shift and use of
$1at the bottom allows for easy addition and removal of parameters anywhere without renumbering the variables.Obviously this is only for the 90% of scripts that do not have overly complex parameter needs. For those you probably want to use something like getopt or another language with libraries like the excellent clap crate in Rust.
Thank you very much!