How is he not as responsible for those industries as any CEO is responsible for their company?

Xi is neither a dictator nor a CEO, he is the head of the CPC and the president of China, a largely ceremonial position.

CEOs run private capitalist enterprises. The Chinese state runs public enterprises, so they aren’t run on the logic of capitalism. These public enterprises don’t even need to make a profit, because the Chinese state has fiat monetary sovereignty. In other words, it has infinite money[1].