the tablet supports pxe boot. Do you think I could get mileage off of that if I set up a server on my other laptop and connected them via ethernet?
Maybe. If it's not too much trouble to set up and you can't get the USB to work again, might as well try it before throwing in the towel.
I'm rather confused by the fact that the USB drive worked for you before but doesn't any more and yet seems to be OK on other systems. Is there anything like "fast boot" enabled in the BIOS maybe? (Try turning that off if so.)
Also, when you're trying to boot from the SSD, can you get anything out of GRUB by tapping shift or escape (or maybe other keys) while it's trying to boot?
How 'bout that! :D
If the SSD itself is OK, then it was probably trying to boot the SSD still. The blank screen issue might have to do with the graphics drivers then? I remember having a similar blank screen problem with Ubuntu a long time ago where I had to put in "nomodeset" as a parameter in GRUB when booting until I got the right drivers set up.